Which is used as the primary means to determine the targets' location?

The primary means to determine a target's location is Precision Target Location Equipment (PTLE). This equipment is specifically designed to provide accurate and timely target coordinates, which are essential for effective artillery operations. PTLE integrates advanced technology and systems to ensure that targeting data can be quickly gathered and processed, allowing for precise strikes on identified targets.

Other options, while useful, do not provide the same level of accuracy or efficiency as PTLE. For example, the Lightweight Laser Designator Rangefinder (LLDR) is a valuable tool that can assist in targeting but relies on different methodologies and may not provide the same precision. Traditional methods such as maps, compasses, and binoculars, while effective for navigation and basic observation, lack the technological advancements necessary for modern artillery targeting. The Precision Fire and Effects Database (PFED) is more of a tool for managing targeting data rather than directly determining the location of targets.

In this context, PTLE stands out as the most reliable and precise means for target location, making it the correct choice for this question.